兰州冬季气溶胶光学特性的参数化   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

田文寿  陈长和 《大气科学》1996,20(2):235-242

兰州冬季气溶胶的谱分布用双谱模式拟合，即Junge谱加Deirmendjian谱；气溶胶的平均折射率为1.549-0.1i；气溶胶浓度随高度的分布根据天气条件取为高斯、均匀、指数分布三种类型。以此为基础，计算出兰州冬季气溶胶光学厚度的平均值。 经实测的气溶胶光学厚度与本文的计算值比较后发现，我们的参数化方案基本上是成功的。  相似文献   

Chemical Mechanism Development: Laboratory Studies and Model Applications     

Harald Geiger  Ian Barnes  Karl H. Becker  Birger Bohn  Theo Brauers  Birgit Donner  Hans-Peter Dorn  Manfred Elend  Carlos M. Freitas Dinis  Dirk Grossmann  Heinz Hass  Holger Hein  Axel Hoffmann  Lars Hoppe  Frank Hülsemann  Dieter Kley  Björn Klotz  Hans G. Libuda  Tobias Maurer  Djuro Mihelcic  Geert K. Moortgat  Romeo Olariu  Peter Neeb  Dirk Poppe  Lars Ruppert  Claudia G. Sauer  Oleg Shestakov  Holger Somnitz  William R. Stockwell  Lars P. Thüner  Andreas Wahner  Peter Wiesen  Friedhelm Zabel  Reinhard Zellner  Cornelius Zetzsch 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,42(1):323-357

Within the German Tropospheric Research Programme (TFS) numerous kinetic and mechanistic studies on the tropospheric reaction/degradation of the following reactants were carried out: oxygenated VOC, aromatic VOC, biogenic VOC, short-lived intermediates, such as alkoxy and alkylperoxy radicals.At the conception of the projects these selected groups were classes of VOC or intermediates for which the atmospheric oxidation mechanisms were either poorly characterised or totally unknown. The motivation for these studies was the attainment of significant improvements in our understanding of the atmospheric chemical oxidation processes of these compounds, particularly with respect to their involvement in photooxidant formation in the troposphere. In the present paper the types of experimental investigations performed and the results obtained within the various projects are briefly summarised. The major achievements are highlighted and discussed in terms of their contribution to improving our understanding of the chemical processes controlling photosmog formation in the troposphere.  相似文献   

Photochemical production of molecular hydrogen in lake water and coastal seawater   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stephen Punshon  Robert M. Moore 《Marine Chemistry》2008,108(3-4):215-220

Samples of lake water and coastal seawater from Nova Scotia, Canada, were irradiated with natural or artificial sunlight to investigate the potential for photochemical hydrogen production. Hydrogen photo-production was observed in all natural water samples. Rates of hydrogen formation were highest in coloured lake water (range: 98–163 pmol L^− 1h^− 1) and lower in seawater (range: 19–45 pmol L^− 1 h ^− 1). Dilutions of the most highly coloured lake sample (Kejimkujik Lake) showed a positive linear relationship between H₂ production rates and CDOM concentration. Photo-production rates normalised to UV absorption coefficients at 350 nm indicated that the photochemical efficiency of hydrogen formation varied between samples, perhaps due to differences in the CDOM composition. Photochemical hydrogen formation was also seen in solutions of syringic acid and acetaldehyde: two low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds found in natural waters. Photochemistry may therefore offer least a partial explanation for the persistently high levels of hydrogen observed in the low-latitude surface ocean.  相似文献   

Combined experimental and theoretical studies on methane photolysis at 121.6 and 248 nm—implications on a program of laboratory simulations of Titan’s atmosphere     

C. Romanzin  Y. Bénilan 《Planetary and Space Science》2010,58(13):1748-1757

Methane is, together with N₂, the main precursor of Titan’s atmospheric chemistry. In our laboratory, we are currently developing a program of laboratory simulations of Titan’s atmosphere, where methane is intended to be dissociated by multiphotonic photolysis at 248 nm. A preliminary study has shown that multiphotonic absorption of methane at 248 nm is efficient and leads to the production of hydrocarbons such as C₂H₂ (Romanzin et al., 2008). Yet, at this wavelength, little is known about the branching ratios of the hydrocarbon radicals (CH₃, CH₂ and CH) and their following photochemistry. This paper thus aims at investigating methane photochemistry at 248 nm by comparing the chemical evolution observed after irradiation of CH₄ at 248 and at 121.6 nm (Ly-α). It is indeed important to see if the chemistry is driven the same way at both wavelengths in particular because, on Titan, methane photolysis mainly involves Ly-α photons. An approach combining experiments and theoretical analysis by means of a specifically adapted 0-D model has thus been developed and is presented in this paper. The results obtained clearly indicate that the chemistry is different depending on the wavelength. They also suggest that at 248 nm, methane dissociation is in competition with ionisation, which could occur through a three-photon absorption process. As a consequence, 248 nm photolysis appears to be unsuitable to study methane neutral photochemistry alone. The implications of this result on our laboratory simulation program and new experimental developments are discussed. Additional information on methane photochemistry at 121.6 nm are also obtained.  相似文献   

城市化进程对氮循环格局及动态的影响研究进展   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

高群  余成 《地理科学进展》2015,34(6)

氮循环是全球生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分,随着城市化进程的不断加快,高强度的人类活动和城市景观格局的改变不仅影响了氮的循环过程,而且加重了氮污染的程度,对城市生态环境造成了严重的影响。城市尺度的氮循环研究不仅是全球关注的氮研究热点,而且也是城市生态学和城市地理学研究的前沿。本文基于城市生态系统的氮循环特征,综述了城市化进程对城市氮污染物来源、沉降、输移和累积影响研究的国内外大量研究成果,介绍了卫星遥感、稳定同位素、物质流模型等分析方法在城市氮循环研究中的应用,针对未来几十年活性氮增加可能带来的不利影响,提出对活性氮的减缓策略,以有效抑制活性氮对环境的影响。未来城市氮循环研究需要开展长期系统监测、深化城市氮循环机理研究、创新研究范式和研究方法,并将研究成果与城市规划和城市发展研究相结合,提升城市氮管理能力。  相似文献   

Identification and Apportionment of Sources of Ozone‐forming Potential for Proper Reduction Strategies     

Selami Demir  Arslan Saral 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(2):107-112

In this study, results of source identification and apportionment for ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a previous work were used to estimate ozone‐forming potentials (OFPs) of effective sources for developing proper strategies for reduction of tropospheric ozone pollution. The source identification and apportionment of ambient VOC pollution within Yildiz Technical University's Davutpasa Campus (Istanbul, Turkey) was done by positive matrix factorization (PMF). The results suggested five effective source groups with the emissions related with paint use and solvent use having the highest contributions (36.8 and 28.2%). The results from PMF were used along with maximum incremental reactivities to estimate potentials of individual sources for ozone formation. It was found that biogenic emissions (3.78) and traffic related emissions (gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust) (3.83 and 3.15, respectively) have the highest potential for ozone formation in terms of grams O₃/g VOC emitted. The results were used to suggest proper source‐based reduction strategies for OFP.  相似文献   

光化学烟雾的控制试验   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

纪飞  苏文颖 《应用气象学报》1999,10(4):491-497

利用MM5与RADM的耦合模式,设计了3个削减源排放的试验,用以探讨控制光化学污染的有效途径。试验结果表明,在NMHC/NOx比值很大的前提条件下,NOx地面源排放的削减对降低大气中O3含量的作用最显著,而削减NMHC对降低大气中PAN含量的作用明显,同时削减NMHC和NOx是降低大气光化学污染强度的最佳途径。  相似文献   

Kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with aliphatic ethers studied under simulated atmospheric conditions: Temperature dependences of the rate coefficients     

Paul J. Bennett  J. Alistair Kerr 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1990,10(1):27-38

Rate coefficients have been measured for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with five aliphatic ethers over the temperature range 242–328 K. Competitive studies were carried out in an atmospheric flow reactor in which the hydroxyl radicals were generated by the photolysis of methyl nitrite in the presence of air containing nitric oxide. The reaction of OH with 2,3-dimethyl-butane was used as the reference reaction and the following Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for the reactions: OH+RORproducts:

ROR	E/kJ mol–1	1012 A/cm3 molecule–1 s–1
dethyl ether	–2.8±0.4	3.5±0.6
di-n-propyl ether	–1.2±0.6	11.5±2.7
methylt-butyl ether	0.85±0.59	4.0±1.3
ethyln-butyl ether	–1.3±0.5	8.7±1.7
ethylt-butyl ether	–1.2±0.6	3.0±0.8

  相似文献   

烟雾层的长波辐射效应以及对边界层温度层结的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

王海啸  陈长和  黄建国 《大气科学》1994,18(1):22-29

本文利用一个简化的长波辐射方案，计算了兰州城市烟雾层大气的辐射效应．计算表明:烟雾层气溶胶增加了到达地面的大气逆辐射和气层的冷却率，平均污染状况时，增加量分别为15．2％和0．073℃／h．与烟雾层对太阳辐射吸收加热率相比，冷却率量值较小，但对全天边界层能量平衡所起作用不可忽略．对比分析了兰州和郊区夜晚的平均温度廓线演变情况，可以看出烟雾层长波辐射效应增加了低层大气中上部的冷却．  相似文献   

基于MODIS数据的广州市光化学污染预警等级研究     

夏丽华  王德辉  王芳 《国土资源遥感》2006,17(4):73-76

 分析MODIS数据反演的大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）与大气环境污染的关系，结果表明： 当空气没有污染时，AOD＜0.3； 轻度污染时，0.3＜AOD＜1.0； 污染严重时，AOD＞1.0。在分析AOD与地面大气污染关系的基础上，结合空气污染指数，将城市光化学污染预警等级分为无、微弱、较弱、较强和强5级，并结合广州市实例进行了验证分析，为进一步建设城市光化学污染预警系统提供基础。  相似文献